1) Tomarties are available, yes you can get pretty much get all of them with the exception of the dyes. Greater Tokuno arties come from turning in 10 Tomarties into one of the 2 npcs in Makoto-Jima town center (note you must turn them all into the same NPC, or did last I knew and also please don't turn them in till you have 10 Tomarties to turn in). Some Greater Tokuno and Minor Tokuno arties are not advised to be socketed (Kasa and that Ninja mask come to mind as they are treated as clothing and not armour).
2) Augments can come from dungeon treasure chests, map based treasure chests and any notable mobs (which is basically all of them), a good guide is if you get an augment (crystal, Rune, Wood, Stone, Gem) of any type then it is almost guaranteed that you could in theory get any other augment from it though getting Legendary and Mythic are far less likely than getting Ancients..etc
3) Not entirely from what I have seen
4) Only one type of Ancient is tamable and it's on a timer, a very long timer to the point where if you are coming in blind and there are other tamers active on the server you are at a huge disadvantage in try to get it, however special pets do exist in random parts of the different maps and facets. Some of these are also on long timers but since they are not as powerful as the Glacials people have mostly lost track of them.
5) Can't remember, but the inability to use travel magics makes it a pain to try to get Valorite in Fel, base materials are purchasable from the commodity stone.
6) Fel is an advanced hunting ground, it is meant for fully socketed or talented players to have fun with, some parts of Fel are extreme enough to require you to be extremely well geared/ talented or with a group of decent players. PvP can still be done there just follow the server rules regarding it and thing's will be fine for you.
7) No:
Ancients: 1 socket
Legendary: 2 sockets
Mythic: 3 socket
Crystal: 2 sockets
Radiant Crystal: 4 Sockets
Stones: 1 socket (I recall there being a engine bug that meant you shouldn't put more than x (not sure how much) amount of a skill on a single item).
Runes: 1 socket
What Peerless there are implemented will be custom variations of them, not what OSI or other shards have for them.
9) Correct, no Heartwood and no runic carpentry tools. Runic fletching kits come from VS (you get VS from atones, and you get atones from clearing what you kill). There is also a certain moderate difficulty fight somewhere in Malas that can drop a random runic fletching kit, but it is not a guaranteed drop and it quite literally can drop any of the runic fletching kits and I think possibly with random charges on them as well.
10) Yes, but if they are classed as clothing or something other than Weapons, Shields, Armour, Jewelry, Pets then no. So you could socket an Helm of Insight but not the Kasa of Raijin...as one is treated as a armour piece the other a clothing item.
